[Hospital admissions due to neglected tropical diseases in Piauí, in the Northeast region of Brazil: costs, time trends, and spatial patterns, 2001-2018]. / Hospitalizações por doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil: custos, tendências temporais e padrões espaciais, 2001-2018.

To characterize the magnitude of hospital admissions and costs of patients with neglected tropical diseases, their time trends, and spatial patterns in Piauí, in the Northeast Region of Brazil, in 2001-2018. Ecological study of mixed designs, with calculation of relative risk (RR), time-trend analysis by Poisson regression, and inflection points, using data from neglected tropical diseases Hospital Admission Authorizations available in the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SIH/SUS). Data showed 49,832 hospital admissions due to neglected tropical diseases in the period (rate: 86.70/100,000 inhabitants; 95%CI: 83.47; 89.93); of these, dengue (78.2%), leishmaniasis (8.6%), and leprosy (6.4%). The total cost was BRL 34,481,815.43, 42.8% of which referred to medium complexity cases. Higher risks of hospitalization occurred among people ≥ 60 years (RR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.5; 2.2), mixed race/color (RR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1; 2.4), residents of municipalities presenting medium social vulnerability (RR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3; 1.6), and population size (RR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.4; 1.9). The time trend showed a reduction in hospital admissions due to neglected tropical diseases, 2003-2018 (annual percent change - APC: -10.3; 95%CI: -14.7; -5.6). The spatial pattern showed clusters with higher rates of hospital admission in border municipalities located south of the Mid-north macroregion, north of the Semiarid macroregion, and south of the Cerrados macroregion. Piauí remains with high hospital admission rates and costs for neglected tropical diseases. Despite the reduction in time trends, knowledge burden, population groups, and municipalities at greater risk and vulnerability reinforce the importance of monitoring and strengthening control actions to maintain the reduction of the burden and costs of hospital admission due to neglected tropical diseases in the state.

Caracterizar a magnitude das internações hospitalares e custos por doenças tropicais negligenciadas, suas tendências temporais e padrões espaciais no Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil, 2001-2018. Estudo ecológico misto, com cálculo de risco relativo (RR) e análise de tendência temporal por regressão de Poisson, pontos de inflexão, utilizando-se dados de Autorizações de Internações Hospitalares por doenças tropicais negligenciadas via Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS). Verificaram-se 49.832 internações hospitalares por doenças tropicais negligenciadas (taxa: 86,70/100 mil habitantes; IC95%: 83,47; 89,93) no período, principalmente dengue (78,2%), leishmanioses (8,6%) e hanseníase (6,4%). O custo total foi de R$ 34.481.815,43, sendo 42,8% de média complexidade. Maiores riscos de hospitalizações ocorreram em: pessoas ≥ 60 anos (RR = 1,8; IC95%:1,5; 2,2), etnia/cor parda (RR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1; 2,4), residentes em municípios de média vulnerabilidade social (RR = 1,5; IC95%: 1,3; 1,6) e porte populacional (RR = 1,6; IC95%: 1,4; 1,9). A tendência temporal foi de redução nas taxas de internações hospitalares por doenças tropicais negligenciadas, 2003-2018 (variação percentual anual - APC: -10,3; IC95%: -14,7; -5,6). O padrão espacial apresentou aglomerados com maiores taxas de internações hospitalares nos municípios limítrofes ao sul da macrorregião Meio-norte, norte do Semiárido e sul dos Cerrados. O Piauí persiste com elevadas taxas de hospitalizações e custos por doenças tropicais negligenciadas. Apesar da redução nas tendências temporais, o conhecimento de sua carga, seus grupos populacionais e municípios de maior risco e vulnerabilidade reforçam a importância do monitoramento e fortalecimento das ações de controle para manutenção na redução da carga e custos de internações hospitalares por doenças tropicais negligenciadas no estado.

Caracterizar la magnitud de las internaciones hospitalarias y los costos por las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, sus tendencias temporales y patrones espaciales en Piauí, Nordeste de Brasil, 2001-2018. Estudio ecológico mixto, con cálculo de riesgo relativo (RR), y análisis de tendencia temporal por regresión de Poisson, puntos de inflexión, utilizando datos de Autorizaciones de Internaciones Hospitalarias por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas a través del Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarias del Sistema Único de Salud (SIH/SUS). Se verificó 49.832 internaciones hospitalarias por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (tasa: 86,70/100.000 habitantes; IC95%: 83,47; 89,93) en el periodo, las más frecuentes dengue (78,2 %), leishmaniasis (8,6%) y lepra (6,4%). El costo total fue de BRL 34.481.815,43, siendo 42,8 %, fueron de mediana complejidad. Los mayores riesgos de hospitalización se dieron en: personas ≥ 60 años (RR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,5; 2,2), etnia/color pardo (RR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1; 2,4), residentes en municipios de vulnerabilidad social media (RR = 1,5; IC95%: 1,3; 1,6) y tamaño de la población (RR = 1,6; IC95%: 1,4; 1,9). La tendencia temporal fue de reducción en las tasas de internaciones hospitalarias por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, 2003-2018 (cambio porcentual anual - APC: -10,3; IC95%: -14,7; -5,6). El patrón espacial presentó conglomerados con mayores tasas de internaciones hospitalarias en los municipios limítrofes al sur de la macrorregión del Medio-norte, el norte del Semiárido, y sur de los Cerrados. El Piauí persiste con elevadas tasas de hospitalizaciones y costos por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas. A pesar de la reducción de las tendencias temporales, el conocimiento de su carga, los grupos poblacionales y los municipios de mayor riesgo y vulnerabilidad refuerzan la importancia del monitoreo y fortalecimiento de las acciones de control para mantenimiento en la reducción de la carga y los costos de internaciones hospitalarias por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en el estado.

Mortality from neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí, Northeast Brazil: temporal trend and spatial patterns, 2001-2018. / Mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil: tendência temporal e padrões espaciais, 2001-2018.

OBJETIVE: To analyze temporal trends and spatial patterns of mortality due to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Piauí, Brazil, 2001-2018. METHODS: This was a mixed ecological study, with risk ratio (RR) calculation, spatiotemporal trend analysis, Poisson joinpoint regression, using data from the Mortality Information System. RESULTS: There were 2,609 deaths due to NTDs in the period (4.60/100,000 inhabitants), 55.2% were due to Chagas' disease. There was a higher risk of death in male (RR=1.76; 95%CI 1.25;2.46), being aged ≥60 years (RR=40.71; 95%CI 10.01;165.53), municipalities with medium vulnerability social (RR=1.76; 95%CI 1.09;2.84), smaller population size (RR=1.99; 95%CI 1.28;3.10) and the Cerrados macro-region (RR=4.51; 95%CI 2.51;8.11). There was an upward trend in mortality rates from 2001-2008 and a falling trend from 2009-2018. CONCLUSION: Mortality due to NTDs in Piauí remains high, particularly due to Chagas' disease, among groups with greater vulnerability, with concentration of higher rates in the southwest of the Semiarid macro-region and the northeast and south of the Cerrados macro-region.

Mortality from neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí, Northeast Brazil: temporal trend and spatial patterns, 2001-2018 / Mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en el estado de Piauí, Nordeste de Brasil: tendencia temporal y patrones espaciales, 2001-2018 / Mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil: tendência temporal e padrões espaciais, 2001-2018

Objective: To analyze temporal trends and spatial patterns of mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTD) in Piauí, 2001-2018. Methods: Mixed ecological study, with hazard ratio (RR) calculation,spatio- temporal trend analysis, Poisson regression with inflection points, using data from the Mortality Information System. Results: There were 2,609 deaths due to NTD in the period (4.60/100,000 inhabitants), 55.2% due to Chagas disease. There was a higher risk of death in men (RR=1.76 ­ 95%CI 1.25;2.46), aged ≥60 years (RR=40.71 ­ 95%CI 10.01;165.53), municipalities with vulnerability average social (RR=1.76 ­ 95%CI 1.09;2.84), smaller population size (RR=1.99 ­ 95%CI 1.28;3.10) and Cerrados macro-region (RR=4.51-95%CI 2.51;8.11). There was an upward trend in mortality rates from 2001-2008 and a reduction from 2009- 2018. Conclusion: Mortality due to NTD in Piauí remains high, particularly due to Chagas disease, among groups with greater vulnerability, with concentration of higher rates in the southwest of the semi-arid macro-region, northeast and south of the Cerrados.

Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias temporales y patrones espaciales de mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) en Piauí, 2001-2018. Métodos: Estudio ecológico mixto, con cálculo de hazard ratio (RR), análisis de tendencias espacio-temporales, regresión de Poisson con puntos de inflexión, utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Resultados: Hubo 2.609 defunciones por ETD en el período (4,60/100.000 habitantes), 55,2% por enfermedad de Chagas. Hubo un mayor riesgo de muerte en hombres (RR=1,76 ­ IC95% 1,25;2,46), edad ≥60 años (RR=40,71 ­ IC95% 10,01;165,53), municipios con vulnerabilidad social media (RR=1,76 ­ IC95% 1,09;2,84), tamaño de población más pequeño (RR=1,99 ­ IC95% 1,28;3,10) y macrorregión de Cerrados (RR=4,51 ­ IC95% 2,51;8,11). Hubo tendencia al alza en las tasas de mortalidad de 2001-2008 y  reducción de 2009-2018. Conclusión: La mortalidad por ETD en Piauí sigue siendo alta, particularmente por la enfermedad de Chagas, entre los grupos con mayor vulnerabilidad, con concentración de tasas más altas en el suroeste de la macrorregión semiárida, noreste y sur de los Cerrados.

Objetivo: Analisar tendência temporal e padrões espaciais da mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs) no Piauí, Brasil, 2001-2018. Métodos: Estudo ecológico misto, com cálculo de razão de risco (RR), análise de tendência  espaço-temporal e regressão de Poisson com pontos de inflexão, utilizando-se dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Resultados: Verificou-se 2.609 óbitos por DTNs no período (4,60/100 mil habitantes), 55,2% por doença de Chagas. Houve maior risco de morte em homens (RR=1,76 ­IC95% 1,25;2,46), idade ≥60 anos (RR=40,71 ­IC95% 10,01;165,53), municípios com vulnerabilidade social média (RR=1,76 ­ IC95% 31,09;2,84), menor porte populacional (RR=1,99 ­ IC95% 1,28;3,10) e macrorregião dos Cerrados (RR=4,51 ­ IC95% 2,51;8,11). Verificou-se tendência de aumento nas taxas de mortalidade em 2001-2008 e redução em 2009-2018. Conclusão: A mortalidade por DTNs no Piauí persiste elevada, particularmente por doença de Chagas, entre grupos de maior vulnerabilidade, concentrando-se as maiores taxas no sudoeste da macrorregião do Semiárido, nordeste e sul dos Cerrados.

Mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil: tendência temporal e padrões espaciais, 2001-2018 / Mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en el estado de Piauí, Nordeste de Brasil: tendencia temporal y patrones espaciales, 2001-2018 / Mortality from neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí, Northeast Brazil: temporal trend and spatial patterns, 2001-2018

Objetivo: Analisar tendência temporal e padrões espaciais da mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs) no Piauí, Brasil, 2001-2018. Métodos: Estudo ecológico misto, com cálculo de razão de risco (RR), análise de tendência espaço-temporal, regressão de Poisson com pontos de inflexão, utilizando-se dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Resultados: Verificaram-se 2.609 óbitos por DTNs no período (4,60/100 mil habitantes), 55,2% por doença de Chagas. Houve maior risco de morte no sexo masculino (RR=1,76; IC95% 1,25;2,46), idade ≥60 anos (RR=40,71; IC95% 10,01;165,53), municípios com vulnerabilidade social média (RR=1,76; IC95% 1,09;2,84), menor porte populacional (RR=1,99; IC95% 1,28;3,10) e macrorregião dos Cerrados (RR=4,51; IC95% 2,51;8,11). Verificou-se tendência de aumento nas taxas de mortalidade em 2001-2008 e redução em 2009-2018. Conclusão: A mortalidade por DTNs no Piauí persiste elevada, particularmente por doença de Chagas, entre grupos de maior vulnerabilidade, concentrando-se as maiores taxas no sudoeste da macrorregião do Semiárido, nordeste e sul dos Cerrados.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las tendencias temporales y patrones espaciales de mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) en Piauí, 2001-2018. Métodos Estudio ecológico mixto, con cálculo de razón de riesgo (RR), análisis de tendencias espacio-temporales, regresión de Poisson con puntos de inflexión, utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Resultados Hubo 2.609 defunciones por ETD en el período (4,60/100.000 habitantes), 55,2% por enfermedad de Chagas. Hubo un mayor riesgo de muerte el sexo masculino (RR=1,76; IC95% 1,25;2,46), edad ≥60 años (RR=40,71; IC95% 10,01;165,53), municipios con vulnerabilidad social mediana (RR=1,76; IC95% 1,09;2,84), con menor población (RR=1,99; IC95% 1,28;3,10) y la macrorregión de los Cerrados (RR=4,51; IC95% 2,51;8,11). Hubo tendencia al alta en las tasas de mortalidad de 2001-2008 y reducción de 2009-2018. Conclusión La mortalidad por ETD en Piauí sigue siendo alta, particularmente por la enfermedad de Chagas, entre los grupos con mayor vulnerabilidad, con concentración de tasas más altas en el Suroeste de la macrorregión del Semiárido, noreste y sur de los Cerrados.

Abstract Objetive To analyze temporal trends and spatial patterns of mortality due to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Piauí, Brazil, 2001-2018. Methods This was a mixed ecological study, with risk ratio (RR) calculation, spatiotemporal trend analysis, Poisson joinpoint regression, using data from the Mortality Information System. Results There were 2,609 deaths due to NTDs in the period (4.60/100,000 inhabitants), 55.2% were due to Chagas' disease. There was a higher risk of death in male (RR=1.76; 95%CI 1.25;2.46), being aged ≥60 years (RR=40.71; 95%CI 10.01;165.53), municipalities with medium vulnerability social (RR=1.76; 95%CI 1.09;2.84), smaller population size (RR=1.99; 95%CI 1.28;3.10) and the Cerrados macro-region (RR=4.51; 95%CI 2.51;8.11). There was an upward trend in mortality rates from 2001-2008 and a falling trend from 2009-2018. Conclusion Mortality due to NTDs in Piauí remains high, particularly due to Chagas' disease, among groups with greater vulnerability, with concentration of higher rates in the southwest of the Semiarid macro-region and the northeast and south of the Cerrados macro-region.

Burden of schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil: epidemiological patterns and spatial-temporal distribution, 2003-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To characterise the epidemiological patterns and the spatial-temporal distribution of schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil from 2003 to 2018. METHODS: A national population-based ecological study that used official data from the Mortality Information System. The data included all deaths recorded in Brazil from 2003 to 2018 in which schistosomiasis was mentioned in the death certificate as an underlying or associated cause of death (multiple causes). The municipalities of residence were used as units of geographic analysis, and standardised and smoothed mortality rates (per 100 000 inhabitants) were calculated using the local empirical Bayes method. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated using global and local Moran indexes. To analyse the spatial dependence, the Getis-Ord G and Gi* statistics were used. RESULTS: During the study period, 18 421 113 deaths were recorded in Brazil. Schistosomiasis was mentioned in 11 487 deaths (proportional mortality: 0.06%); for 8141 deaths (70.87%), it was listed as the underlying cause, and for 3346 deaths (29.13%), it was listed as an associated cause. The mean mortality rate was 0.38 deaths/100 000 inhabitants. Individuals ≥ 70 years of age (RR: 115.34, 95% CI: 68.56-194.03) and residents in the Northeast region (RR: 10.81, 95% CI: 5.95-19.66) presented higher risks related to schistosomiasis. Municipalities with high mortality rates were identified in all regions, and high-risk clusters were found in municipalities located in the Northeast and Southeast regions of the country. CONCLUSIONS: Schistosomiasis remains an important cause of death in persistently endemic areas in Brazil, particularly in those with a high prevalence of the disease and a marked parasite load.

OBJECTIF: Caractériser les profils épidémiologiques et la distribution spatio-temporelle de la mortalité liée à la schistosomiase au Brésil de 2003 à 2018. MÉTHODES: Une étude écologique nationale basée sur la population qui a utilisé les données officielles du système d'information sur la mortalité. Les données incluaient tous les décès enregistrés au Brésil de 2003 à 2018 dans lesquels la schistosomiase était mentionnée dans le certificat de décès comme cause sous-jacente ou associée (causes multiples) de décès. Les municipalités de résidence ont été utilisées comme unités d'analyse géographique et les taux de mortalité normalisés et lissés (pour 100.000 habitants) ont été calculés à l'aide de la méthode empirique locale de Bayes. L'autocorrélation spatiale a été évaluée à l'aide d'indices de Moran globaux et locaux. Pour analyser la dépendance spatiale, les statistiques de Getis-Ord G et Gi* ont été utilisées. RÉSULTATS: Au cours de la période d'étude, 18.421.113 décès ont été enregistrés au Brésil. La schistosomiase a été mentionnée dans 11.487 décès (mortalité proportionnelle: 0,06%); pour 8.141 décès (70,87%), elle a été répertoriée comme la cause sous-jacente et pour 3.346 décès (29,13%), comme cause associée. Le taux de mortalité moyen était de 0,38 décès/100.000 habitants. Les personnes âgées de ≥70 ans (RR: 115,34 ; IC95%: 68,56 à 194,03) et les résidents de la région du Nord-Est (RR: 10,81 ; IC95%: 5,95 à 19,66) présentaient des risques plus élevés liés à la schistosomiase. Des municipalités présentant des taux de mortalité élevés ont été identifiées dans toutes les régions et des grappes à haut risque ont été trouvées dans des municipalités situées dans les régions du nord-est et du sud-est du pays. CONCLUSIONS: La schistosomiase reste une cause importante de mortalité dans les zones d'endémie persistante du Brésil, en particulier dans celles à forte prévalence de la maladie et à forte charge parasitaire.

[Mortality from leprosy in highly endemic contexts: integrated temporal-spatial analysis in BrazilMortalidad por lepra en zonas de alta endemicidad: análisis espacio-temporal integrado en Brasil]. / Mortalidade por hanseníase em contextos de alta endemicidade: análise espaço-temporal integrada no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe temporal trends and spatial patterns of leprosy-related mortality in the North and Northeast of Brazil from 2001 to 2017. METHODS: This population-based, mixed ecological study employed secondary data obtained from the Health Ministry's Mortality Information System. Death certificates were examined for extraction of information on leprosy as underlying or contributing cause of death. RESULTS: In the period of interest, 4 907 leprosy-related deaths were recorded. In 59.3%, leprosy was a contributing cause. "Leprosy, unspecified" (ICD-10 A30.9) was the most common cause recorded (72.7% as underlying cause; 76.1% as contributing cause). Increased risk of mortality by leprosy was observed in males, age ≥ 60 years and brown or black race/color. Joinpoint regression analysis of time trends revealed an increased overall mortality trend in the Northeast and in the states of Tocantins, Maranhão, Alagoas, and Bahia, as well as in the male sex. Regarding the spatial distribution of mortality rates adjusted by age and sex, as well as the analysis of moving spatial means and standardized mortality ratio, patterns that were above the mean for the area under study were identified for the states of Acre and Rondônia, the southern part of Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, south of Ceará, and north and south of Bahia. CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy mortality in the Brazilian North and Northeast is expressive and persistent, with a focal pattern of distribution in more vulnerable territories and populations. Comprehensive leprosy care must be strengthened in the Unified Health System in these regions.

OBJETIVO: Describir las tendencias temporales y los patrones espaciales de la mortalidad relacionada con la lepra en las regiones norte y nordeste de Brasil del 2001 al 2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecológico mixto basado en la población, con análisis de las tendencias temporal y espacial, hecho a partir de datos secundarios tomados de las declaraciones de defunción del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) del Ministerio de Salud. Dichas declaraciones se examinaron para extraer los registros de lepra como causa básica y asociada de defunción. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 4 907 defunciones relacionadas con la lepra en el período de interés, en 59,3% de las cuales se la citó como causa asociada. La "lepra no especificada" (A30.9) fue la causa más citada en las declaraciones de defunción (causa básica: 72,7%; causa asociada: 76,1%). Se verificó un mayor riesgo de mortalidad por lepra en personas de sexo masculino, mayores de 60 años y de raza o de piel negra o morena. La tendencia temporal por análisis de puntos de inflexión (joinpoints) mostró un incremento en la tendencia general de la mortalidad en la región nordeste y en los estados de Tocantins, Maranhão, Alagoas y Bahía, así como en personas de sexo masculino. En lo referente a la distribución espacial de las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y sexo, así como a los análisis de las medias móviles espaciales y de la razón de mortalidad normalizada, se identificaron patrones superiores a la media de la zona de estudio en Acre, Rondônia, el Sur del estado de Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, el Sur de Ceará y las regiones del Norte y Sur de Bahía. CONCLUSIONES: La mortalidad por lepra en las regiones norte y nordeste es significativa y persistente, con un patrón focal de incidencia en los territorios y poblaciones con mayor vulnerabilidad. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de fortalecer la atención integral a esta enfermedad en la red de atención del Sistema Único de Salud de esas regiones.

Mortalidade por hanseníase em contextos de alta endemicidade: análise espaço-temporal integrada no Brasil

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever as tendências temporais e os padrões espaciais da mortalidade relacionada à hanseníase nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil de 2001 a 2017. Métodos. Estudo ecológico misto de base populacional, de tendência temporal e espacial, baseado em dados secundários de declarações de óbito (DO) do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde (SIM). As DO foram examinadas para extração dos registros de hanseníase como causa básica e associada de morte. Resultados. Foram registrados 4 907 óbitos relacionados à hanseníase no período de interesse, 59,3% como causa associada. A hanseníase não especificada (A30.9) foi a causa mais citada nas declarações de óbito (causa básica: 72,7%; causa associada: 76,1%). Verificou-se risco acrescido de mortalidade por hanseníase em pessoas do sexo masculino, com idade ≥60 anos e de raça/cor preta ou parda. A tendência temporal por análise de pontos de inflexão (joinpoints) apresentou incremento na tendência geral da mortalidade na região Nordeste e nos estados de Tocantins, Maranhão, Alagoas e Bahia, assim como no sexo masculino. Para a distribuição espacial das taxas de mortalidade ajustadas por idade e sexo, assim como para as análises das médias móveis espaciais e da razão de mortalidade padronizada, padrões acima da média da área de estudo foram identificados para Acre, Rondônia, sul do estado do Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, sul do Ceará e regiões do norte e sul da Bahia. Conclusões. A mortalidade por hanseníase nas regiões Norte e Nordeste é expressiva e persistente, com padrão focal de ocorrência em territórios e populações com maior vulnerabilidade. Ressalta-se a necessidade de fortalecer a atenção integral à hanseníase na rede de atenção do Sistema Único de Saúde dessas regiões.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe temporal trends and spatial patterns of leprosy-related mortality in the North and Northeast of Brazil from 2001 to 2017. Methods. This population-based, mixed ecological study employed secondary data obtained from the Health Ministry’s Mortality Information System. Death certificates were examined for extraction of information on leprosy as underlying or contributing cause of death. Results. In the period of interest, 4 907 leprosy-related deaths were recorded. In 59.3%, leprosy was a contributing cause. “Leprosy, unspecified” (ICD-10 A30.9) was the most common cause recorded (72.7% as underlying cause; 76.1% as contributing cause). Increased risk of mortality by leprosy was observed in males, age ≥ 60 years and brown or black race/color. Joinpoint regression analysis of time trends revealed an increased overall mortality trend in the Northeast and in the states of Tocantins, Maranhão, Alagoas, and Bahia, as well as in the male sex. Regarding the spatial distribution of mortality rates adjusted by age and sex, as well as the analysis of moving spatial means and standardized mortality ratio, patterns that were above the mean for the area under study were identified for the states of Acre and Rondônia, the southern part of Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, south of Ceará, and north and south of Bahia. Conclusions. Leprosy mortality in the Brazilian North and Northeast is expressive and persistent, with a focal pattern of distribution in more vulnerable territories and populations. Comprehensive leprosy care must be strengthened in the Unified Health System in these regions.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir las tendencias temporales y los patrones espaciales de la mortalidad relacionada con la lepra en las regiones norte y nordeste de Brasil del 2001 al 2017. Métodos. Estudio ecológico mixto basado en la población, con análisis de las tendencias temporal y espacial, hecho a partir de datos secundarios tomados de las declaraciones de defunción del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) del Ministerio de Salud. Dichas declaraciones se examinaron para extraer los registros de lepra como causa básica y asociada de defunción. Resultados. Se registraron 4 907 defunciones relacionadas con la lepra en el período de interés, en 59,3% de las cuales se la citó como causa asociada. La “lepra no especificada” (A30.9) fue la causa más citada en las declaraciones de defunción (causa básica: 72,7%; causa asociada: 76,1%). Se verificó un mayor riesgo de mortalidad por lepra en personas de sexo masculino, mayores de 60 años y de raza o de piel negra o morena. La tendencia temporal por análisis de puntos de inflexión (joinpoints) mostró un incremento en la tendencia general de la mortalidad en la región nordeste y en los estados de Tocantins, Maranhão, Alagoas y Bahía, así como en personas de sexo masculino. En lo referente a la distribución espacial de las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y sexo, así como a los análisis de las medias móviles espaciales y de la razón de mortalidad normalizada, se identificaron patrones superiores a la media de la zona de estudio en Acre, Rondônia, el Sur del estado de Pará, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, el Sur de Ceará y las regiones del Norte y Sur de Bahía. Conclusiones. La mortalidad por lepra en las regiones norte y nordeste es significativa y persistente, con un patrón focal de incidencia en los territorios y poblaciones con mayor vulnerabilidad. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de fortalecer la atención integral a esta enfermedad en la red de atención del Sistema Único de Salud de esas regiones.

Mortality related to tuberculosis-HIV/AIDS co-infection in Brazil, 2000-2011: epidemiological patterns and time trends.

Co-infection of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV/AIDS is a persistent public health problem in Brazil. This study describes epidemiological patterns and time trends of mortality related to TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection. Based on mortality data from 2000-2011 (almost 12.5 million deaths), 19,815 deaths related to co-infection were analyzed. The average age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.97 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The highest mortality rates were found among males, those in economically productive age groups, black race/color and residents of the South region. There was a significant reduction in the mortality coefficient at the national level (annual average percent change: -1.7%; 95%CI: -2.4; -1.0), with different patterns among regions: increases in the North, Northeast and Central regions, a reduction in the Southeast and a stabilization in the South. The strategic integration of TB-HIV/AIDS control programmes is fundamental to reduce the burden of mortality related to co-infection in Brazil.

Mortality related to tuberculosis-HIV/AIDS co-infection in Brazil, 2000-2011: epidemiological patterns and time trends / Mortalidade relacionada à coinfecção tuberculose e HIV/AIDS no Brasil, 2000-2011: padrões epidemiológicos e tendências temporais / Mortalidad relacionada con la coinfección de tuberculosis y VIH/SIDA en Brasil, 2000-2011: patrones epidemiológicos y tendencias temporales

Abstract: Co-infection of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV/AIDS is a persistent public health problem in Brazil. This study describes epidemiological patterns and time trends of mortality related to TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection. Based on mortality data from 2000-2011 (almost 12.5 million deaths), 19,815 deaths related to co-infection were analyzed. The average age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.97 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The highest mortality rates were found among males, those in economically productive age groups, black race/color and residents of the South region. There was a significant reduction in the mortality coefficient at the national level (annual average percent change: -1.7%; 95%CI: -2.4; -1.0), with different patterns among regions: increases in the North, Northeast and Central regions, a reduction in the Southeast and a stabilization in the South. The strategic integration of TB-HIV/AIDS control programmes is fundamental to reduce the burden of mortality related to co-infection in Brazil.

Resumo: A coinfecção tuberculose (TB)-HIV/AIDS é um problema de saúde pública persistente no Brasil. Neste estudo, descrevem-se padrões epidemiológicos e tendências temporais da mortalidade relacionada à coinfecção TB-HIV/AIDS. Baseado em dados de mortalidade de 2000-2011 (quase 12,5 milhões de mortes), foram analisados 19.815 óbitos relacionados à coinfecção. O coeficiente médio de mortalidade padronizado por idade foi de 0,97 óbitos/100 mil habitantes. Os maiores coeficientes de mortalidade foram verificados no sexo masculino, grupos etários economicamente produtivos, raça/cor negra e residentes da Região Sul. Houve diminuição significativa dos coeficientes de mortalidade em nível nacional (variação percentual anual média: -1,7%; IC95%: -2,4; -1,0), com diferentes padrões entre regiões: aumento nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-oeste, redução na Sudeste e estabilização na Sul. A integração estratégica dos programas de controle de TB-HIV/AIDS é fundamental para reduzir a carga de mortalidade relacionada à coinfecção no Brasil.

Resumen: La coinfección tuberculosis (TB)-VIH/SIDA es un problema de salud pública persistente en Brasil. En este estudio, se describen patrones epidemiológicos y tendencias temporales de la mortalidad relacionada con la coinfección TB-VIH/SIDA. Basado en datos de mortalidad de 2000-2011 (casi 12,5 millones de muertes), fueron analizadas 19.815 muertes, todas relacionadas con la coinfección. El coeficiente medio de mortalidad ajustado por edad fue de 0,97 muertes/100.000 habitantes. Los mayores coeficientes se verificaron en el sexo masculino, grupos de edad económicamente productivos, raza negra y residentes de la región Sur. Hubo una disminución significativa del coeficiente de mortalidad a nivel nacional (variación porcentual anual media: -1,7%; IC95%: -2,4; -1,0), con diferentes patrones entre regiones: aumento en las regiones Norte, Nordeste y Centro-oeste, reducción en el Sudeste y estabilización en el Sur. La integración estratégica de los programas de control de TB-VIH/SIDA es fundamental para reducir la carga de mortalidad, relacionada con la coinfección en Brasil.

Trends in AIDS-related mortality among people aged 60 years and older in Brazil: a nationwide population-based study.

The success of antiretroviral therapy has led to an increase in the number of older people living with human immunodeficiency virus worldwide. This study analyzed the epidemiological patterns and time trends of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related mortality in people aged 60 and older in Brazil from 2000 to 2011. Secondary mortality data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System was used to perform a nationwide population-based study, which included all AIDS-related deaths among people aged 60 years and older in Brazil from 2000 to 2011. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) were calculated by sex, age group and place of residence. Trends over time were assessed using joinpoint regression analysis. In the 12-year study period, 12,491,280 deaths were recorded in Brazil, of which 144,175 were AIDS-related deaths. A total of 8194 AIDS-related deaths was identified in people aged 60 years and older (0.12% of all deaths and 5.7% of AIDS-related deaths). The overall age-adjusted mortality rate for the period was 4.30 deaths/100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval: 3.99-4.64). Males (6.45 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), aged 60-64 years (6.63 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) and residing in the South region (5.94 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) had the highest mortality rates. We observed a significant increase in mortality at the national level and in all the Brazilian regions, with a sharper increase in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged regions of the country, such as the North and Northeast. The findings show that AIDS in older people is an increasing public health problem in Brazil, and reinforce the need to establish public policies for the prevention, early diagnosis and appropriate clinical treatment of this age group.

[Leprosy trends in Tocantins, a hyperendemic State in the North of Brazil, 2001-2012]. / Tendências da hanseníase no Tocantins, um estado hiperendêmico do Norte do Brasil, 2001-2012.

Leprosy is hyperendemic in the State of Tocantins, Brazil. The aim of the study was to analyze trends in leprosy indicators in Tocantins from 2001 to 2012, based on analysis of data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), including incident cases living in Tocantins. The study calculated leprosy indicators and analyzed time trends using polynomial regression. There was a significant downward trend in overall case detection (R2 = 0.40; p < 0.05) and proportion of paucibacillary cases (R2 = 0.81). Detection rates remained stable in individuals < 15 years (R2 = 0.48; p > 0.05) and cases with grade 2 physical disability (R2 = 0.37; p > 0.05), as did the proportion of grade 2 cases (R2 = 0.49; p > 0.05). There were significant increases in the proportions of cases with grade 1 disability (R2 = 0.82; p < 0.05) and multibacillary cases (R2 = 0.81; p < 0.05). Tocantins has regions with high transmission and late diagnosis of leprosy, indicating heterogeneous dissemination of the disease in the time trend analysis.

Tendências da hanseníase no Tocantins, um estado hiperendêmico do Norte do Brasil, 2001-2012 / Leprosy trends in Tocantins, a hyperendemic State in the North of Brazil, 2001-2012 / Tendencias de la lepra en Tocantins, un estado hiperendémico del norte de Brasil, 2001-2012

A hanseníase é hiperendêmica no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as tendências dos indicadores da hanseníase no Tocantins em 2001-2012. Análise de dados advindos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Incluíram-se casos novos de residentes no Tocantins. Calcularam-se os indicadores da hanseníase e analisaram-se as tendências temporais por meio de regressão polinomial. Houve tendência significativa e decrescente para a detecção geral (R2 = 0,40; p < 0,05) e proporção de casos paucibacilares (R2 = 0,81). Foi estável a detecção em < 15 anos (R2 = 0,48; p > 0,05), detecção de casos com grau 2 de incapacidade física (R2 = 0,37; p > 0,05) e proporção de casos com grau 2 (R2 = 0,49; p > 0,05). Houve aumento significativo para a proporção de casos com grau 1 de incapacidade (R2 = 0,82; p < 0,05) e proporção de casos multibacilares (R2 = 0,81; p < 0,05). O Tocantins apresenta regiões com alta transmissão e diagnóstico tardio da hanseníase, apontando a expansão da doença de forma heterogênea na análise temporal.

Leprosy is hyperendemic in the State of Tocantins, Brazil. The aim of the study was to analyze trends in leprosy indicators in Tocantins from 2001 to 2012, based on analysis of data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), including incident cases living in Tocantins. The study calculated leprosy indicators and analyzed time trends using polynomial regression. There was a significant downward trend in overall case detection (R2 = 0.40; p < 0.05) and proportion of paucibacillary cases (R2 = 0.81). Detection rates remained stable in individuals < 15 years (R2 = 0.48; p > 0.05) and cases with grade 2 physical disability (R2 = 0.37; p > 0.05), as did the proportion of grade 2 cases (R2 = 0.49; p > 0.05). There were significant increases in the proportions of cases with grade 1 disability (R2 = 0.82; p < 0.05) and multibacillary cases (R2 = 0.81; p < 0.05). Tocantins has regions with high transmission and late diagnosis of leprosy, indicating heterogeneous dissemination of the disease in the time trend analysis.

La lepra es hiperendémica en el estado de Tocantins, Brasil. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las tendencias de los indicadores de la lepra en Tocantins, 2001-2012. El análisis de los datos procedentes de las enfermedades de declaración obligatoria en el Sistema de Información sobre Dolencias Notificables (SINAN) incluía nuevos casos que viven en Tocantins. Se calcularon los indicadores de la lepra y se analizaron las tendencias temporales de regresión polinómica. Hubo una significativa tendencia a la baja, la detección general (R2 = 0,40; p < 0,05) y el número de casos paucibacillar (R2 = 0,81). Fue una detección estable en < 15 años (R2 = 0,48; p > 0,05), la detección de los casos con discapacidad grado 2 (R2 = 0,37; p > 0,05) y la proporción de casos con grado 2 (R2 = 0,49; p > 0,05 ). Hubo un aumento significativo en la proporción de casos con discapacidad grado 1 (R2 = 0,82; p < 0,05) y la proporción de casos multibacilares (R2 = 0,81; p < 0,05).Tocantins cuenta con regiones de alta transmisión y un diagnóstico tardío de la lepra que apunta a la expansión heterogénea de la enfermedad en el análisis temporal.

Cuidado de enfermagem à família de pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: revisão integrativa / Nursing care to patients' family hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit: an integrative review / Atención de enfermería a la familia de pacientes hospitalizados en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento científico sobre assistência de enfermagem a familiares de pacientes internados em UTI. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa buscando responder a questão norteadora <> A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de busca nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, utilizando-se os descritores: família, cuidados de Enfermagem e Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Foram selecionados e analisados 32 artigos. Resultados: Identificaram-se estudos que retrataram as vivências, percepções e necessidades frente à experiência de internação em UTI na visão dos familiares e da enfermagem, bem como estratégias de intervenções e cuidados de enfermagem à família na UTI. Conclusão: Identificaram-se potenciais dispositivos de atenção ao familiar pela enfermagem no ambiente de UTI. No entanto, necessita-se de mais iniciativas e investimentos para uma assistência de qualidade para esta clientela.(AU)

Objective: identifying the scientific knowledge about nursing care for family members of ICU patients. Methodology: an integrative review seeking to answer the guiding question << What is being produced/published about the performance of nursing facing the needs of relatives of inpatients in ICU? >> Data collection was performed by searching in the databases LILACS and MEDLINE, using two themes: family, Nursing Care and Intensive Care Units. There were selected and analyzed 32 articles. Results: studies were identified that portrayed the experiences, perceptions and needs facing the hospitalization experience in ICU through the view of family and nursing, as well as intervention strategies and nursing care to the family in the ICU. Conclusion: potential devices were identified to family care for nursing in the ICU environment. However, it needs more initiatives and investments to quality care for this clientele.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar los conocimientos científicos acerca de los cuidados de enfermería a los familiares de pacientes ingresados en la UCI. Metodología: una revisión integradora para tratar de responder a la pregunta guía << ¿Lo que se produce/publica acerca de las acciones de enfermería frente a las necesidades de los familiares de los pacientes de la UCI? >> La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS y MEDLINE, usando dos temas: la familia, el Cuidado de Enfermería y Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Se seleccionaron y analizaron 32 artículos. Resultados: se identificaron estudios que retratan las experiencias, percepciones y necesidades que enfrenta la experiencia de hospitalización en UCI, en opinión de la familia y de enfermería, así como las estrategias de intervención y atención de enfermería a la familia en la UCI. Conclusión: fueron identificados dispositivos potenciales de atención familiar para la enfermería en el ambiente de la UCI. Sin embargo, se necesitará de más iniciativas e inversiones para una atención de calidad para esta clientela.(AU)

Temporal trends and spatial distribution of unsafe abortion in Brazil, 1996-2012.

OBJECTIVE To analyze temporal trends and distribution patterns of unsafe abortion in Brazil. METHODS Ecological study based on records of hospital admissions of women due to abortion in Brazil between 1996 and 2012, obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Ministry of Health. We estimated the number of unsafe abortions stratified by place of residence, using indirect estimate techniques. The following indicators were calculated: ratio of unsafe abortions/100 live births and rate of unsafe abortion/1,000 women of childbearing age. We analyzed temporal trends through polynomial regression and spatial distribution using municipalities as the unit of analysis. RESULTS In the study period, a total of 4,007,327 hospital admissions due to abortions were recorded in Brazil. We estimated a total of 16,905,911 unsafe abortions in the country, with an annual mean of 994,465 abortions (mean unsafe abortion rate: 17.0 abortions/1,000 women of childbearing age; ratio of unsafe abortions: 33.2/100 live births). Unsafe abortion presented a declining trend at national level (R2: 94.0%, p < 0.001), with unequal patterns between regions. There was a significant reduction of unsafe abortion in the Northeast (R2: 93.0%, p < 0.001), Southeast (R2: 92.0%, p < 0.001) and Central-West regions (R2: 64.0%, p < 0.001), whereas the North (R2: 39.0%, p = 0.030) presented an increase, and the South (R2: 22.0%, p = 0.340) remained stable. Spatial analysis identified the presence of clusters of municipalities with high values for unsafe abortion, located mainly in states of the North, Northeast and Southeast Regions. CONCLUSIONS Unsafe abortion remains a public health problem in Brazil, with marked regional differences, mainly concentrated in the socioeconomically disadvantaged regions of the country. Qualification of attention to women's health, especially to reproductive aspects and attention to pre- and post-abortion processes, are necessary and urgent strategies to be implemented in the country.

Temporal trends and spatial distribution of unsafe abortion in Brazil, 1996-2012 / Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial do aborto inseguro no Brasil, 1996-2012 / Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial do aborto inseguro no Brasil, 1996-2012

OBJECTIVE To analyze temporal trends and distribution patterns of unsafe abortion in Brazil. METHODS Ecological study based on records of hospital admissions of women due to abortion in Brazil between 1996 and 2012, obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Ministry of Health. We estimated the number of unsafe abortions stratified by place of residence, using indirect estimate techniques. The following indicators were calculated: ratio of unsafe abortions/100 live births and rate of unsafe abortion/1,000 women of childbearing age. We analyzed temporal trends through polynomial regression and spatial distribution using municipalities as the unit of analysis. RESULTS In the study period, a total of 4,007,327 hospital admissions due to abortions were recorded in Brazil. We estimated a total of 16,905,911 unsafe abortions in the country, with an annual mean of 994,465 abortions (mean unsafe abortion rate: 17.0 abortions/1,000 women of childbearing age; ratio of unsafe abortions: 33.2/100 live births). Unsafe abortion presented a declining trend at national level (R2: 94.0%, p < 0.001), with unequal patterns between regions. There was a significant reduction of unsafe abortion in the Northeast (R2: 93.0%, p < 0.001), Southeast (R2: 92.0%, p < 0.001) and Central-West regions (R2: 64.0%, p < 0.001), whereas the North (R2: 39.0%, p = 0.030) presented an increase, and the South (R2: 22.0%, p = 0.340) remained stable. Spatial analysis identified the presence of clusters of municipalities with high values for unsafe abortion, located mainly in states of the North, Northeast and Southeast Regions. CONCLUSIONS Unsafe abortion remains a public health problem in Brazil, with marked regional differences, mainly concentrated in the socioeconomically disadvantaged regions of the country. Qualification of attention to women’s health, especially to reproductive aspects and attention to pre- and post-abortion processes, ...

OBJETIVO Analisar tendências temporais e padrões de distribuição espacial do aborto inseguro no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico realizado com base nos registros das internações hospitalares de mulheres por abortamento no Brasil, no período de 1996-2012, obtidos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Ministério da Saúde. Estimou-se o número de abortos inseguros segundo local de residência, utilizando-se técnicas de estimativas indiretas. Foram calculados os indicadores: razão de aborto inseguro por 100 nascidos vivos e coeficiente de aborto inseguro por 1.000 mulheres em idade fértil. As tendências temporais foram analisadas por regressão polinomial e a distribuição espacial utilizando os municípios brasileiros como unidade de análise. RESULTADOS Foram registradas 4.007.327 internações hospitalares por abortamento no Brasil no período. Estimou-se um total de 16.905.911 abortos inseguros, com média anual de 994.465 abortos (coeficiente médio de aborto inseguro de 17,0 abortos/1.000 mulheres em idade fértil e razão de 33,2 abortos inseguros/100 nascidos vivos). O aborto inseguro apresentou tendência de declínio em nível nacional (R2: 94,0%; p < 0,001), com padrões desiguais entre as regiões. As regiões Nordeste (R2: 93,0%; p < 0,001), Sudeste (R2: 92,0%; p < 0,001) e Centro-Oeste (R2: 64,0%; p < 0,001) apresentaram tendência de declínio, enquanto a região Norte (R2: 39,0%; p = 0,030), tendência de aumento, e a região Sul (R2: 22,0%; p = 0,340), de estabilidade. A análise espacial identificou a presença de clusters de municípios com altos valores de abortos inseguros, localizados especialmente em estados das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Sudeste. CONCLUSÕES O aborto inseguro se mantém ...

Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and the risk of congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Brazil, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched electronic databases, grey literature and reference lists of included publications to identify epidemiological studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and on the congenital transmission rate of T. cruzi infection in Brazil published between January 1980 and June 2013. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS: Sixteen articles were included - 12 studies on the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women (549,359 pregnant women) and nine on congenital transmission rates (1687 children born to infected mothers). Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women ranged from 0.1% to 8.5%, and congenital transmission rates from 0% to 5.2%. The pooled prevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women across studies was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6-2.0); the pooled congenital transmission rate was 1.7% (95% CI: 0.9-3.1). In 2010, 34,629 pregnant women were estimated to be infected with T. cruzi, and 312-1073 children born (mean: 589 cases) with congenital infection. CONCLUSION: Congenital Chagas disease is a neglected public health problem in Brazil. Systematic congenital Chagas disease control programs through routine prenatal screening for T. cruzi should be widely implemented in Brazil's endemic areas, to identify infected pregnant women and newborns at risk of congenital infection.

Epidemiological patterns of mortality due to visceral leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS co-infection in Brazil, 2000-2011.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)-HIV/AIDS co-infection is an emerging health problem with high case fatality. This study presents the epidemiological and clinical aspects of deaths related to VL-HIV/AIDS co-infection in Brazil. METHODS: This was a nationwide population-based study based on mortality data obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. We included all deaths between 2000 and 2011 (about 12.5 million), and analyzed those in which VL and HIV/AIDS were mentioned in the same death certificate. RESULTS: VL and HIV/AIDS were mentioned in 272 deaths. HIV/AIDS was the underlying cause in 59.6% (162/272) of deaths by VL-HIV/AIDS co-infection, and VL the underlying cause in 39.3% (107/272). Predominating characteristics were: male gender (79.0%, 215/272), age 30-39 years (41.0%, 111/271), brown race/color (61.6%, 159/258) and residence in the Northeast region (47.4%, 129/272). Average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.13 deaths/1 000 000 inhabitants. Deaths were distributed in 20 of 27 Brazilian states. There was an increasing trend of mortality (annual percent change: 16.4%). Infectious/parasitic (58.8%) and respiratory (51.1%) diseases/disorders, particularly sepsis, respiratory failure and pneumonia, were most commonly associated with deaths related to this co-infection. CONCLUSION: VL-HIV/AIDS co-infection is an increasing public health problem in Brazil. The systematic description of the epidemiological characteristics and magnitude of mortality related to VL-HIV/AIDS co-infection reflects the need to intensify control measures and disease surveillance.

Mortality and case fatality due to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of epidemiology, trends and spatial patterns.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a significant public health problem in Brazil and several regions of the world. This study investigated the magnitude, temporal trends and spatial distribution of mortality related to VL in Brazil. METHODS: We performed a study based on secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. We included all deaths in Brazil from 2000 to 2011, in which VL was recorded as cause of death. We present epidemiological characteristics, trend analysis of mortality and case fatality rates by joinpoint regression models, and spatial analysis using municipalities as geographical units of analysis. RESULTS: In the study period, 12,491,280 deaths were recorded in Brazil. VL was mentioned in 3,322 (0.03%) deaths. Average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.15 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants and case fatality rate 8.1%. Highest mortality rates were observed in males (0.19 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), <1 year-olds (1.03 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) and residents in Northeast region (0.30 deaths/100,000 inhabitants). Highest case fatality rates were observed in males (8.8%), ≥ 70 year-olds (43.8%) and residents in South region (17.7%). Mortality and case fatality rates showed a significant increase in Brazil over the period, with different patterns between regions: increasing mortality rates in the North (Annual Percent Change--APC: 9.4%; 95% confidence interval--CI: 5.3 to 13.6), and Southeast (APC: 8.1%; 95% CI: 2.6 to 13.9); and increasing case fatality rates in the Northeast (APC: 4.0%; 95% CI: 0.8 to 7.4). Spatial analysis identified a major cluster of high mortality encompassing a wide geographic range in North and Northeast Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Despite ongoing control strategies, mortality related to VL in Brazil is increasing. Mortality and case fatality vary considerably between regions, and surveillance and control measures should be prioritized in high-risk clusters. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental strategies for reducing case fatality of VL in Brazil.

Modalidade de educação a distância na formação profissional em saúde da família: relato de experiência / Distance education in vocational training in family health: experience report / La modalidad de educación a distancia en la formación profesional en salud familiar: relato de experiencia

O presente estudo relata a experiência de um aluno/profissional na realização do curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família da Universidade Federal do Ceará, oferecido por meio da estratégia de educação a distância. O curso teve como público-alvo médicos, enfermeiros e cirurgiões-dentistas inseridos na Estratégia Saúde da Família nos municípios do estado do Ceará. Foi utilizado o ambiente virtual de aprendizagem Moodle, um sistema de ensino-aprendizagem on-line em que diversas ferramentas de comunicação estavam integradas em uma página da internet, na qual se acessavam as disciplinas ofertadas e se interagia com um professor/tutor. Os pressupostos pedagógicos do curso foram baseados na educação contextualizada descentralizada, na aprendizagem colaborativa, significativa e problematizadora, além da articulação entre teoria-prática e ensino-serviço. A incorporação da educação a distância aos processos de formação/capacitação de profissionais na atenção primária aqui realizada se constitui em exemplo e incentivo para outras iniciativas de formação/qualificação de profissionais com atuação em outras áreas do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil.

The present study reports the experience of a student/professional undertaking a Distance e-learning (DeL) specialization course in Family Health at the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. The target group consisted of physicians, nurses and dentists of the primary health care teams in the Family Health Strategy of the municipalities of Ceará state. The Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (Moodle) was used. This is an online teaching and learning system with various communication tools integrated in a web page, where the disciplines offered are accessed and interaction with a teacher/tutor occurs. The pedagogical assumptions of the course were based on contextually decentralized education and collaborative problematizing learning processes articulated through theory-practice and teaching-health service demands. The incorporation of DeL into the vocational training processes of primary health care professionals constitutes an example, as well as an encouragement, to other vocational and training initiatives for professional qualification throughout the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Este estudio presenta la experiencia que un alumno/profesional tuvo del Curso de Especialización en Salud Familiar, ofrecido por la Universidad Federal do Ceará a través del sistema de Educación a Distancia (EaD). Acudieron a este curso médicos, enfermeros y dentistas incluidos en el Estrategia de Salud Familiar en los municipios del Estado de Ceará. Se utilizó el entorno virtual de aprendizaje Moodle, un sistema de enseñanza-aprendizaje on line en el que diversas herramientas de comunicación se integraron en una página web, desde donde se accedía a las asignaturas ofrecidas y se interactuaba con un profesor/tutor. Los presupuestos pedagógicos del curso se basaron en una educación contextualizada y descentralizada, en un aprendizaje colaborativo, significativo y problematizador, además de en la articulación entre teoría-práctica y enseñanza-servicio. La incorporación de la EaD a los procesos de formación/capacitación de los profesionales de atención primaria, se constituye en un ejemplo e incentivo para otras iniciativas de formación/calificación de los profesionales que trabajan en otras áreas del Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil.

Sofrimento psíquico do enfermeiro assistencial em hospital geral: desafios e possibilidades / Psychic suffering of nurses assistances in a general hospital: challenges and possibilities

Objetivos: descrever as situações vivenciadas por enfermeiros em hospital geral diante de condiçõesgeradoras de sofrimento psíquico e conhecer as estratégias de enfrentamento. Método: estudo descritivo comabordagem qualitativa, realizado em um Hospital Universitário no Ceará/CE, Nordeste do Brasil. Participaram40 enfermeiros que responderam as questões abertas de um formulário. Na análise, adotou-se a Análise deConteúdo. O estudo teve o projeto de pesquisa aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Protocolo095.09.11. Resultados: após o processo de análise emergiram cinco categorias. Conclusão: diversos fatorescontribuem para a geração de sofrimento ao enfermeiro clínico, mas sobressaem morte e finitude,inadequação de recursos humanos e materiais, relações interpessoais ineficientes e assistência ao cliente emsofrimento psíquico. Surgiram como potenciais dispositivos de atenção o uso do princípio da integralidade,ações pautadas nos moldes humanísticos, uso de técnicas de comunicação e relacionamento terapêutico,consultoria em enfermagem e trabalho em equipe.